Previous chest radiation Essay Example for Free

Previous chest radiation Essay Women who menstruate at an early age and menopause at a later age are likely to develop breast cancer (American Cancer Society, n. pag). This can be associated with the longer exposure to estrogen and progesterone hormones. Women who had undergone a radiation therapy on the chest area at an early age can significantly increase the risk for breast cancer, especially if the breasts are still developing when the therapy was taken (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Stages Breast cancer, as other kind of cancer, starts from a single dot that develops into a threatening stage when it is not detected and treated at an earliest time. The purpose of staging the disease is to ascertain the type and degree of treatment that may be applied to the patient. Normally, the stages of breast cancer start from 0 to III. Stage 0 This is otherwise known as the non- evasive breast cancer (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). At this stage, no evidence of cancer cell breakage or invasion into other tissues can be noticed. Stage I Stage I is known by invasive breast cancer (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). During this stage, the cancer cells starts to invade or spread to other normal tissues. The tumor can also be noticed as grows to two centimeters (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Although there is no lymph nodes involved (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Stage II At this stage, the cancer cells expands to the lymph nodes under the arm or the tumor increases up to five centimeters (American Cancer Society, n. pag). During this stage, the lymph node are not yet united to other nodes and to other normal tissues. Stage IIIA The cancer is said to have advanced to stage III when the tumor measure more than five centimeters or when the lymph nodes are clump together or stuck to one another or to other tissues (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Stage IIIB This stage is characterized by the spread of the tumor, at any size, to the breast skin, internal mammary gland, or chest wall (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). This stage also includes the inflammatory breast cancer, a very serious but rare type (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Inflammatory breast cancer is distinguished by the redness and warmness in some or in all part of the breast. Stage IV The breast cancer has advanced to the last stage when the tumor expands on to the breast, underarm, and internal mammary lymph nodes and also on lungs, bone, or brain (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). This stage also includes Metastatic cancer, which is the spread of cancer. Treatments of Breast cancer At an early, the suitable treatment for is the breast conservation that involves lumpectomy. On this process, the infected tissues and the surrounding normal tissues are removed (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). This shall be coupled by surgery and followed by radiation therapy which is used to kill the tumor cells left after surgery. Research has shown that radiation therapy is as effective as mastectomy, which is the surgical removal of the breast. Other medication may include prescription of hormone- blocking drug tamoxifin for post- menopausal women, and ovarian ablation to younger women. Ovarian ablation is the stopping the ovaries from producing estrogen and can be done either by removing the ovaries or by prescribing certain drugs (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). Chemotherapy is also used to treat breast cancer. Chemotherapy is the medication that kills cancer cells or stops them from growing (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). It can be done in three strategies namely; adjuvant chemotherapy, presurgical chemotherapy, and therapeutic chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to reduce the possibility of returning of the cancer and is given to people who had surgery or radiation while presurgical chemotherapy is used to shrink or kill the stray cancer cells and to completely get rid of the cancer (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). Therapeutic chemotherapy, on the other hand, is given to women whose cancer has spread beyond the breast or those who have serious case of breast cancer. For advance breast cancer, the treatment may include chemotherapy. Treatments given to metastatic breast cancer are aimed to reduce the symptoms experienced by the patient so that the quality of her life may be improved. The treatments may include stopping the growth of the cancer and using one or more anti- cancer treatments depending on the parts of the body that has been affected by the cancer (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). Such therapies available are high- dose chemotherapy, immunotherapies, gene therapies, and targeting therapies. However, their efficacies are not yet measured. Among the immunotherapies, only the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have been approved for breast cancer (National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre, n. pag. ). However, there are other forms that are under observation. The Herceptin or MAb trastuzumab is on top of the list which is used by women with cancer cells having too many copies of HER2/neu gene (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). The HER2/neu gene is able to produce extra receptors to stimulate growth on the cells resulting into a more aggressive breast cancer. When the trastuzumab are attached to the receptors, the growth is lowered because the access to the cancer cells are blocked (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Another form of immunotherapies is the Bevacizumab or Avastin, which is an antibody that helps slow the growth of blood vessels in the tumor (American Cancer Society, n. pag. ). Some promising treatments for advanced breast cancer are interferons and interleukons, autologous vaccine therapy, and other antigen vaccine. These immunotherapies are being studied because their effectivity has not yet been ascertained. Conclusion Among the women, the disease that is very threatening is the breast cancer. Cases of breast cancer are increasing every year and so with the mortality rate. Yet treatments do not give complete assurance. Moreover, treatments are so expensive that are not available to poor patients. Cancer, as generally known, is a disease that is traitor and known only at a later stage. In order to avoid getting breast cancer, n individual shall be aware of the risk factors and avoid it as soon as possible. Works cited Baum, Michael, and Schipper, Harvey. Fast Facts Breast Cancer. Oxford: Health Press, 1999. Cadwell, Karin, and Maffei, Cindy, T. Breastfeeding A-Z: Terminology and Telephone Triage. New York: Jones Barlett Publishers, 2006. â€Å"Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer. † 13 September 2007. American Cancer Society. 24 June 2008 http://www. cancer. org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_breast_cancer_5.asp. Franz, Mary. â€Å"Diet and Breast Cancer. † Vegan Handbook:Over 200 Delicious Recipes, Meal Plans and Vegetarian Resources for All Ages. Ed. Debra Wasserman Reed Mangels. Vegetarian Resource Group, 1996. 193. â€Å"Genetic Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2: Its Your Choice. † 2 June 2002. National Cancer Institute. 24 June 2008 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/risk/brca. â€Å"Treatment options. † 28 November 2006. National Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centre. 24 June 2008 http://www. breasthealth. com. au/treatment/.

Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Lewis Carrol

Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction There are several reasons why I have chosen the book â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† as the topic for my term paper. The main reason is that I have been fascinated by Alice’s adventures as a series on TV since I was about six years old. I was curious about the overworked rabbit, racked by brain about how Alice would only be able to reach the golden key on the table and I got even more nervous when I saw the Queen than the Knaves of Hearts did. What I did not understand then was that Alice has fallen asleep in the beginning and all she is experiencing is â€Å"only† a dream. However, my illusion has been destroyed when I first read the book at the age of about 12 and I must admit it was then when I lost some of my fascination for Alice. As I read the book again as a preparation for the Proseminar a few months ago I soon started to focus on a certain aspect which I could not let go of and which brought back my fascination for Alice’s Adventures. It is also the reason I have chosen this topic for my term paper: I am very much interested in the circumstances of the time, in this case the Victorian Age, and the various influences on a person like Lewis Carroll in connection with his ability to create such a powerful, imaginative and attractive idea of a wonderland. I would like to know what kind of person can make up such a story? I have chosen the title â€Å"Inventing Wonderland†, which is the name of a book by Jackie Wullschlà ¤ger, because it precisely expresses the focus of my term paper. I think the reason why I am interested in this aspect is the following: About three years ago I stayed one year as an Au Pair for a family in Rhode Island. It took me a while to discover how to attract the attention of a 4-year-old, his name was Carter, when the situation required it to be calm. But: I placed young Carter as an additional friend of his favourite character Winnie the Pooh in the centre of a new Pooh-plot and tried to invent an exciting story with dangerous adventures as he sat on my lap listening more carefully than he had ever done before. I was successful, but of course and without understatement my stories were not in the least as fanciful and imaginative as Carroll’s, not to mention were they worth publishing. And it was exactly this situation, Carter sitting on my lap, that I ... ... As I have already claimed above, I think it is important get at least some idea of the â€Å"Zeitgeist†, in which a book was written, in order to understand its significance. From my point of view, being interested in the background factors of an author’s life and era not only helps to get a better understanding of the meaning of a book, but it also makes me appreciate it more. I think everyone acts and speaks according to what he or she is influenced by. If this is determining for the value a book is another question, but I think it is important that it is up to everyone if he or she would like to know more about the author. 7. Bibliography Blake, Kathleen. Play, Games, and Sport. The Literary works of Lewis Carroll. London: Cornell University Press. 1974. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1984. http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net . 25/01/05 Schwab, Gabriele. The Mirror and the Killer-Queen. Otherness in Literary Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Wullschlà ¤ger, Jackie. Inventing Wonderland. The Lives of Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, J.M. Barrie, Kenneth Grahame and A.A. Milne. Rev.ed. London: Methuen, 2001. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Lewis Carrol Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction There are several reasons why I have chosen the book â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† as the topic for my term paper. The main reason is that I have been fascinated by Alice’s adventures as a series on TV since I was about six years old. I was curious about the overworked rabbit, racked by brain about how Alice would only be able to reach the golden key on the table and I got even more nervous when I saw the Queen than the Knaves of Hearts did. What I did not understand then was that Alice has fallen asleep in the beginning and all she is experiencing is â€Å"only† a dream. However, my illusion has been destroyed when I first read the book at the age of about 12 and I must admit it was then when I lost some of my fascination for Alice. As I read the book again as a preparation for the Proseminar a few months ago I soon started to focus on a certain aspect which I could not let go of and which brought back my fascination for Alice’s Adventures. It is also the reason I have chosen this topic for my term paper: I am very much interested in the circumstances of the time, in this case the Victorian Age, and the various influences on a person like Lewis Carroll in connection with his ability to create such a powerful, imaginative and attractive idea of a wonderland. I would like to know what kind of person can make up such a story? I have chosen the title â€Å"Inventing Wonderland†, which is the name of a book by Jackie Wullschlà ¤ger, because it precisely expresses the focus of my term paper. I think the reason why I am interested in this aspect is the following: About three years ago I stayed one year as an Au Pair for a family in Rhode Island. It took me a while to discover how to attract the attention of a 4-year-old, his name was Carter, when the situation required it to be calm. But: I placed young Carter as an additional friend of his favourite character Winnie the Pooh in the centre of a new Pooh-plot and tried to invent an exciting story with dangerous adventures as he sat on my lap listening more carefully than he had ever done before. I was successful, but of course and without understatement my stories were not in the least as fanciful and imaginative as Carroll’s, not to mention were they worth publishing. And it was exactly this situation, Carter sitting on my lap, that I ... ... As I have already claimed above, I think it is important get at least some idea of the â€Å"Zeitgeist†, in which a book was written, in order to understand its significance. From my point of view, being interested in the background factors of an author’s life and era not only helps to get a better understanding of the meaning of a book, but it also makes me appreciate it more. I think everyone acts and speaks according to what he or she is influenced by. If this is determining for the value a book is another question, but I think it is important that it is up to everyone if he or she would like to know more about the author. 7. Bibliography Blake, Kathleen. Play, Games, and Sport. The Literary works of Lewis Carroll. London: Cornell University Press. 1974. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1984. http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net . 25/01/05 Schwab, Gabriele. The Mirror and the Killer-Queen. Otherness in Literary Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Wullschlà ¤ger, Jackie. Inventing Wonderland. The Lives of Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, J.M. Barrie, Kenneth Grahame and A.A. Milne. Rev.ed. London: Methuen, 2001.

William Shakespeare Symbolic Plays

Symbols play major roles in everyday situations whether it is in real life, novels, or even movies. In fact, more and more authors nowadays are learning from older play-writers such as William Shakespeare by reading and analyzing their plays. They learn how to develop their novels by incorporating symbols based on action or drama. There are several examples of William Shakespeare’s famous plays that have numerous symbols that tie the story together which include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, & Julius Caesar.However, the most notable play written by Shakespeare is Macbeth. The play Macbeth written by the world- renowned play-writer William Shakespeare is a play that symbols tie the story together. Three key symbols that emerge in the play are a crown, a crystal ball, and lastly, hallucinations. Every one of these symbols represents a variety of concepts in Macbeth. The first of the three major symbols that tie the play together is the crown. In general, a crown is a symbol that rep resents royalty, authority, leadership, etc.There are many things that come to mind when you think of crown, however, this play changes everything. In Macbeth, the crown represents a variety of concepts and issues that change the fact that characters lives forever. It causes loyal characters such as Macbeth to commit many dreaded acts being numerous counts of murder. Macbeth wouldn’t have gone on with the plan if Lady Macbeth didn’t want as much as she did convince her husband to murder all those people by saying, â€Å"From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afraid To be in thine act and valor. (Act 1, Scene 7, Page 59, Lines 38-40) When she attired those words, it convinced Macbeth to go along with the original plan. But when he becomes king, and all the murders are done with he begins mistrusting people so he tells himself, â€Å"To be thus is nothing. But to be safety. † (Act 3, Scene 1, Page 15, Line 53) As a result, Macbeth frequently talks to th e witches and they give him different prophecies that give him the confidence he needs to remain king. The second major symbol in the play is hallucination, which is found numerous times and is shown to be a problem mainly because of the murders.Macbeth says to himself shortly after killing Duncan â€Å"Whence is that knocking? How am not with me when every noise appalls me? What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No this hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine. Making the green one red. † (Act 2, Scene 2, Page 81, Lines 60- 63) Macbeth had another time where the hallucination caused him to see the ghost of Banquet which he told the ghost â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it: never shake thy gory locks at me. (Act 3 Scene 4 Page 143, Lines 63-64) The hallucination of the ghost of Banquet represented the guilt from all the crimes that Macbeth had committed. After that scene Macbeth g radually becomes even crazier than he already was and becomes very reckless with his power. Clearly, he was very emotionally unstable as he continues to commit murders. All the hallucinations are a big factor of why Macbeth was unsteady and ended up dying. The third and final major symbol of this play is the crystal ball, which represents looking into the future.I made a choice to make the symbol crystal ball symbolize the prophecies that the witches continuously give Macbeth. Crystal balls typically represent fortune-tellers and the future. That is what started the whole problem and that is the witches and their prophecies for Macbeth. If their prophecies did not take place, Macbeth still would have been Duncan’s loyal general and close friend, but the three witches came to Macbeth and told him, First Witch: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, thane of Glacis! † Second Witch: â€Å"All hail, Macbeth!Hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! † Third Witch â€Å"All hai l, Macbeth! Hail to the thane of Cawdor! † That is what caused him to kill the king who thought very highly of him who even gave him the honor of becoming the Thane of Cawdor. Afterwards, when he is knee deep in the murders, he goes back to the witches so that he can attain more prophecies. This time, just to manipulate him, they tell him. First Apparition: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. † Second Apparition â€Å"Macbeth!Macbeth! Macbeth! Be bloody, bold, and resolute; Laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of women born shall harm Macbeth. † Third Apparition â€Å"Be lion-mettled, proud and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him. † Through the witches’ prophecies, Macbeth gained a load of confidence, which lead him to his eventual death. That is why the cryst al ball prophecies told is a major symbol in the play.In the play Macbeth, written by the world renowned writer, William Shakespeare, the symbols tie the story together. Three major symbols that are shown often in the play are the crown, the crystal ball, and the hallucinations. These symbols represent a variety of concepts that can be interpreted to the progress of the play. The crown signifies the division of power occurring throughout the play, the hallucinations symbolize the problems occurring in Macbeth's life, and finally the crystal ball represents the prophecies and the events that will happen in the future.

Racism Is An Umbrella Term And Indicates Separation

Racism is an umbrella term and indicates separation in view of race, as well as society, ethnicity, and financial force. It is the conviction that one race or culture is in a general sense better than another, paying little mind to anthropological proof despite what might be expected. This difference, the apparent mediocrity of one race over another, is generally utilized as reasonable justification for separation, whether systematized or person. Racism keeps running as a counterpoint to the general conviction and routine of libertarianism in a significant part of the created world. Racism is viewed as not knowing anything about somebody when you take a look him or her, however disdaining that person in any case, not on account of who the person is, but rather what he or she is. We all as individuals ought to think about what racism is and above all we have to comprehend what it is because we simply cannot prevent what we don’t have any knowledge about. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exists in our schools, work places, restaurants, parks, almost everywhere. Jorge Garcia says that, one is a racist when one does not care at all or does not care enough about other races or does not care in light way about other races. Garcia is absolutely right about this because, I believe that hatred is created in a way where one does not care about other peoples well being as well, unless they are of same race. Garcia says that, it may be objected that there can be noShow MoreRelatedThe Wrong Body Essay4944 Words   |  20 PagesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) many transgender individuals meet the criterion for diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). 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